remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
reciting (to oneself); repeating (e.g. an order, to confirm one heard it correctly)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
royal castle; imperial castle
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
there; that situation; that occasion; the spot (i.e. "on the spot"); immediately; then and there
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
just like that; quite so; I agree; (lit.) that street
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
tightly (hold, squeeze, etc.); firmly; forcefully (e.g. push); hard
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
suffix for familiar person
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)