indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
Satan; the Devil; the Prince of Darkness; king of the demons who try to prevent people from doing good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!