indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wear (sword, decoration, etc.); to carry; to be entrusted (e.g. with a mission); to take on; to have a trace of; to be tinged with
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
row of houses; each house; every house; every door
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stagnate; to settle (at the bottom); to deposit; to become sluggish; to become dull; to be delayed
multicolored; multicoloured; of various colors; diverse; of all kinds; all manners of
evening meal; supper; dinner
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to feel; to sense; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
flight; desertion; escape
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
behind; in the rear; in back
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be imminent; to loom; to be approaching; to be impending
pursuer; pursuing party; posse
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
sharp (blade); pointed; sharp (pain); stabbing; perceptive; keen
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to disappear into; to be lost in; to do something under the cover of (confusion, etc.); to be almost indistinguishable; to be confusingly similar; to be diverted from (negative emotions, etc.)
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
form; shape; figure; visage
great man; great god; hero; big man
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
suggestion; hint; implication
unnatural; artificial; affected; strained
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
being unhuman; being removed from humanity; being unworldly
action; movements; motions; bearing; behaviour; behavior