now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
disorder; chaos; confusion; mayhem
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
polar regions; the pole; farthest land; ends of the earth
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
royal castle; imperial castle
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to heal; to cure; to satisfy (e.g. hunger, thirst); to alleviate (e.g. sorrow, fatigue)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
early; a little earlier than usual; a little faster than usual; slightly quicker
to go to bed; to be sick in bed; to be laid up
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
uncomfortable feeling; feeling out of place; sense of discomfort; malaise; physical unease
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
breathing; respiration; knack; trick; harmony; balance
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style