indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain
counter for ships (large boats); counter for half of a pair (e.g. half of a folding screen); counter for fish, birds, arrows, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(United States of) America; USA; US
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!