indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
accelerator (pedal); gas pedal
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
accession to the throne; enthronement
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
revival (of an old system, custom, fashion, etc.); restoration; return; resurrection; rebirth
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
efforts; exertion; endeavour; assistance; services
revival; reconstruction; restoration; rebuilding; recovery; renaissance
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
to inherit; to succeed; to take over
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
daily; everyday; days (e.g. of one's youth); every day; day after day
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...