indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be sad; to mourn for; to regret
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall onto; to happen; to befall
to fill to capacity; to pack; to complete; to tessellate
group (of people); crowd; horde; throng; mob; multitude
to rain incessantly; to downpour
by all rights; legally speaking; properly speaking
like this; this sort; this way
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
name; given name; first name
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
now (esp. in contrast to the past); now at last; at present; right now
to remove; to eliminate; to eradicate; to exclude; to except
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
occupation; calling; livelihood