royal castle; imperial castle
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
chapel; place of worship (esp. Christian); place of worship (esp. Buddhist and Shinto)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
even though; despite; when
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to cool down; to get cold; to cool off (excitement, temper, etc.); to subside; to be cold (eyes, expression, etc.); to be composed
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honor; honour; credit; prestige
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
by all rights; properly speaking; legally speaking
like this; this sort; this way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to take the time (to do); to set aside time (for)