indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to make a sound; to give off a sound; to hear a sound
reflexively; reflectively; by reflex
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
curious; strange; unusual
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
store interior; inside of a shop
to look around; to survey
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
uncomfortable feeling; feeling out of place; sense of discomfort; malaise; physical unease
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bulky; massive; thick; heavy
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is not (like that) either
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
cloth; fabric; dough; batter; inherent quality; one's true character; unglazed pottery
refined; genteel; graceful; decent
tailoring; dressmaking; sewing; making; preparation
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
common people; ordinary people; masses
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
suitable; appropriate; becoming; fitting
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible