indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sponsorship (i.e. conducting under one's auspices); promotion; organizing; organising; hosting; staging
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
attendance; presence; appearance
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
participation; joining; entry; adherence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
suitable; proper; appropriate; perfunctory; half-minded; sloppy
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
and; thereupon; because of that
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
the other day; a few days ago
in that way; thus; so; so?
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly