tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
singularity; singular point
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
spewing; gushing; spouting; eruption; effusion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
control (of a machine, device, etc.); control (over an opponent, one's emotions, etc.); governing; management
by (means of); by doing; due to; via; through
to advance on; to close in; to march on; to descend on (the enemy); to move towards; to surge forward (crowd, wave of nostalgia, wave, etc.)
chaos; confusion; disorder; chaotic; confused; uncertain
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
order; discipline; regularity; system; method
composition; construction; formation; makeup; structure; organization
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
existence; being; survival; to exist; to live; to survive
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
to throw; to hurl; to give up; to abandon; to cast (a glance, shadow, doubt, etc.)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
alternately; by turns; one after the other
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...