indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
profound; deep; deep (of a cave, etc.); innermost; interior
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
isolated; standing alone; falling in drops (e.g. rain); saying a single word; muttering just a few words
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be erected; to be built
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
scenery; scene; landscape
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from long ago; from old times; from time immemorial
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
greed; craving; desire; appetite; hunger; avarice
to eat (fodder, grass, etc.); to receive (a salary); to receive a stipend from one's lord
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
to get used (to); to get familiar with; to get skillful with
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted