indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
hard to say; inexpressible; hesitant to say; embarrassing; delicate
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to lessen; to decrease; to diminish
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
willingness (e.g. to do something); eagerness; motivation; inspiration; determination; high aspirations
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
something to think about; one's thoughts; concern; thinking about something; being absorbed in one's thoughts
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
time; hour; period; class
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to recall; to remember; to recollect
myself; yourself; I; me; you
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to nail; to knock; to bang (e.g. one's head); to throw (e.g. a rock); to fling