indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
royal capital; imperial capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to resound (echo) far and wide
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dance (orig. a whirling dance); to flutter about; to revolve
people; men and women; each person; everybody
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to rise (of a building, mountain, etc.); to tower; to soar
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
door; gate; opening; title page
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
simultaneously; all at once; in unison
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give a round of applause; to applaud
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
to inlay; to insert; to plug in (to a formula); to immerse; to trick; to deceive
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go into; to come into; to penetrate; to become complicated
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
to project; to show; to portray; to depict; to describe