indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cool; refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes); bright; clear; distinct
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
dirty; filthy; disordered; messy; indecent (language, etc.); dirty
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
great disaster; horrible tragedy; catastrophe; catastrophic event; catastrophic incident; dire calamity
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
frantic; frenetic; inevitable death; brinkmate (inevitable checkmate)
standoffishly; primly; pungently (of a smell); acridly; long and pointed (e.g. of a nose); popping (of ears)
to hurt; to ache; to feel a pain; to be injured; to be spoiled (e.g. food); to be damaged