the four cardinal directions; north, east, south and west; surroundings; many countries; the whole world; all around; here and there
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(many) mountains; very much (wanting to do something one cannot); greatly; so many; a lot of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
though; notwithstanding; although
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
to become clear (water, air, etc.); to become transparent; to resonate clearly (e.g. voice); to become serene; to become tranquil; to pronounce as an unvoiced sound
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
being able to do as one pleases; doing at will; pothook
aviation; flight; flying; to fly; to take a flight
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
group; bunch; crowd; group
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
several years; a few years
to reach; to amount to; to be up to the task; to come up to; to compare with; to be a match (for)
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
back; reverse; rear side; height; stature; ridge (of a mountain)
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
distant view; looking from a distance; good long distance vision; farsightedness
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
grand; magnificent; majestic; great; sublime
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)