cheap; rash; thoughtless; careless
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
gaining total control (of people or counties); suppression; oppression; control; mastery; ascendancy
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
south wind tile; winning hand with a pung (or kong) of south wind tiles
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
lye water (for making Chinese noodles)
Yangtze River; Changjiang River
going upstream; swimming upstream
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
stronghold; inner citadel; base; headquarters
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
military force; force of arms; strength of an army
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
all people; everybody; ten thousand people
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major