indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
cheerful; lively; lighthearted
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
as a child; when one was a child
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to cry; to shed tears; to suffer (from); to be troubled (by); to accept (an unreasonable request, loss, etc.); to do reluctantly
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
to be flustered; to lose one's presence of mind
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
inexperienced person; novice; greenhorn; green hand
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
true character; true form; true colors; consciousness; one's senses
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
almost; nearly; for the most part; roughly; approximately; about
checking answers (e.g. to homework problems); verifying one's answers
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
(period of) a year; during the era (of)
to slide; to slip off; to get dislocated; to drag; to pull