indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
cheerful; lively; lighthearted
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
as a child; when one was a child
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
to be flustered; to lose one's presence of mind
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
almost; roughly; approximately
checking answers (e.g. to homework problems); verifying one's answers
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
(period of) a year; during an era
to slide; to slip off; to get dislocated; to drag; to pull