indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
flashiness; showiness; brilliance; bloom; flowers
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
wizardry; secret of immortality
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Qing dynasty (China, 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
old woman; joker (card); hag; bitch
benefit; use; good; profit; gains
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
weeping forsythia (Forsythiae fructus, Forsythia suspensa); weeping golden bell
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine