spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sunlight; rays of the Sun
in comparison to; rather than
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
thing that reminds one of a particular season; poem about natural scenery; poem about a particular season
cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to whisper; to murmur; to rumor; to rumour
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sultry; sweltering; stuffy; uncomfortably hot-looking (clothing, etc.); stuffy-looking
suit (clothing); suit (playing cards)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress
shirt (undergarment); undershirt; singlet; shirt (outerwear; usu. with collar and buttons)
sleeve; wing (of a stage, desk, gate, etc.)
to tuck (e.g. sleeves); to roll up
office worker; company employee; company man; salaryman (stereotypical Japanese office worker)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately
summer vacation; summer holiday
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
at leisure; in a relaxed manner; in a carefree manner; quietly; peacefully
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question