indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
royal castle; imperial castle
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ; to vary; to disagree
level ground; plain; flatland
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be erected; to be built
the vertical; height; front-to-back; length; north-to-south; vertical (relationship)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
form; shape; figure; visage
many; much; plenty; hardly
ridge (of roof); back of a sword; counter for buildings, apartments, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
composition; construction; formation; makeup; structure; organization
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
group; bunch; crowd; group
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
four; four years of age; ten o'clock (old time system); Burakumin; cross grips
spire; steeple; pinnacle; minaret
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to stab; to stick; to pierce; to thrust
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to rise (of a building, mountain, etc.); to tower; to soar
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
high and low; rise and fall
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
impressive; striking; memorable; impactful
Leicester (Britain); Lester
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)