indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
royal castle; imperial castle
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
level ground; plain; flatland
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be erected; to be built
the vertical; height; front-to-back; length; north-to-south; vertical (relationship)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
flat; superficial; surface-level; one-dimensional
(physical) form; shape; visage; (facial) features; form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); (resultant) state
many; much; plenty; hardly
ridge (of roof); back of a sword; counter for buildings, apartments, etc.
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be connected (to); to be joined together; to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through; to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result); to be lined up (e.g. of cars)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
composition; construction; formation; makeup; structure; organization
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
group; bunch; crowd; group
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
four; 4; four years of age; ten o'clock (in the old time system); burakumin; cross grips
spire; steeple; pinnacle; minaret
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to stab; to stick; to pierce; to thrust
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
to rise (of a building, mountain, etc.); to tower; to soar
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
high and low; rise and fall
contrast; juxtaposition; comparison; correlation (of strata)
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
impressive; striking; memorable; impactful
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)