indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
noted family; noble family; prestigious school, organization, business, etc.
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
although I say; although one might say; although called
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
husband and wife; married couple
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to show understanding; to appreciate; to be positive about
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
woman; female; feminine gender
while; during; while; although; all; both
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
friendship; fellowship; camaraderie
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cherish; to treasure; to prize; to take good care of; to look after
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one day; (on) a certain day
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
misfortune; bad luck; ill luck; ill fortune