Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
time; hour; period; class
sense; sensation; feeling; intuition
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
three times; thrice; third (musical interval); many times; over and over again
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
irregularity; unsteadiness; disorderly
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
myself; yourself; I; me; you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question