indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
inverted; upside down; reversed; back to front
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hut; cabin; small theatre (theater); temporary playhouse; one's own house
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)
very young; little; childish; immature
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to overlook; to command a view of; to look down on; to despise; to look down on
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be amazed; to be shocked; to be astonished; to be astounded; to be disgusted; to be exasperated
to tell (somebody) to (do something)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
rugged; scraggy; angular; gnarled
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
bare rock; rock surface; rock face
to lie down; to stretch out; to lie ahead (of danger, difficulty, etc.); to lie in wait
to be still half asleep; to be half awake; to be not yet quite awake
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state