indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
present condition; existing state; status quo; current state
to surround; to encircle; to enclose
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
profit and loss; advantage and disadvantage
to be conspicuous; to stand out
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
choosing a site (e.g. for industry); deciding on a location; standpoint; position
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
dwarf (esp. in folklore or fantasy literature)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
transactions; dealings; business
one move (in go, shogi, etc.); only way; only means; doing alone; doing single-handed
to take on; to undertake; to take over; to inherit; to guarantee; to vouch for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
danger; peril; hazard; risk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
land route; overland route; by land; overland
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand