a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
lunch; midday meal; food served at a tea party (tea ceremony)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(one's) superior; (one's) boss; the higher-ups
government service; the bureaucracy
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
usual; ordinary; normal; regular; general; common
inspector; auditor; examiner; comptroller
fellow; mutual; companion; comrade
family name; house name; family honour; family honor
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to call each other; to call out to one another
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
future (usually near); prospects
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hypothesis; supposition; assumption
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
name; given name; first name
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
staff member; employee; worker; personnel
distinction; differentiation; discrimination; discrimination (against people)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
one's original family name; maiden name
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
bewilderment; perplexity; embarrassment; discomfiture; bafflement
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally