thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
document; official papers
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
black magic; sorcery; magic tricks; juggling
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
estimate (of costs); budget
scale; scope; plan; structure
dramatic (improvement); remarkable (difference); marked; (far) better; exceptional
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
pointing out; identification
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
inspection; audit; judgement; judgment
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
office work; clerical work; administration; business; affairs
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to