you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
surname; family name; hereditary title (used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
national border; provincial border
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
coachman; driver; cabman; postilion
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
swordsman; swordswoman; fencer
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
travelling incognito (traveling); special palanquin for carrying a daimyo or his wife incognito
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet