indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
consists of; comprises; is made up of
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
several years; a few years
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
arrangement; preparations; search (by police)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
custom; general rule; convention; usually; generally; as a rule
just one person; only one
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to remove; to eliminate; to eradicate; to exclude; to except
document; official papers
affixing a seal (to); putting one's seal (on)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
brow; glabella; middle forehead; area between the eyebrows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach