indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
Christmas; Nativity; celebration of the birthday of a saint or great man
Christmas Eve; holy night
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
adds force or indicates command
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
birth; creation; formation
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
another world (esp. in fiction); otherworld; parallel universe; different-dimension world; isekai
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to spread; to propagate; to popularize; to broaden; to extend; to widen
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
event; festivities; function; social gathering; auspices; opening
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(religious) faith; belief; creed
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
feast; treating (someone); to treat (someone, e.g. to a meal)
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
to be much obliged (to someone); to receive favor (favour); to be indebted; to be grateful
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to hand over; to surrender