until now; so far; up to the present
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
there; that situation; that occasion; the spot (i.e. "on the spot"); immediately; then and there
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to come to one's senses; to calm down
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to regain one's footing; to get back on one's feet; to recover; (of the market) to improve
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
to be surprised; to be astonished
as a matter of fact; to tell the truth
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how; in what way; how about
to encourage; to cheer; to raise (the voice)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be worried; to be troubled
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign