year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
service; duty; business; Buddhist religious services
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the best one can do; one's best effort; with all one's might; to the best of one's ability
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
royal capital; imperial capital
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
appreciation; thanks; gratitude
to speak to; to give a (something) talk to; to speak words of (something)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
battlefield; battleground
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
exhaustion; fatigue; impoverishment; (financial) exhaustion; ruin
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to be thirsty; to feel thirsty; to thirst for; to crave
to appease one's thirst; to wet one's whistle
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
guard; sentinel; garrison
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family