indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
as you were; return to your original position!; er, rather
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
deep emotion; impression; inspiration
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to kneel down on one knee; to genuflect
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to droop (e.g. ears of grain); to bow one's head; to hang one's head
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
daytime; during the day; time from sunrise until sunset; diurnal period
curse; spell; malediction
fit; spasm; attack; seizure
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)