indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
royal capital; imperial capital
to head home; to leave for home
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
two persons; two people; pair; couple
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
horse riding; horseback riding; horseback rider
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
name; title; appellation; (under the) pretext (of); pretense
holiday; day off; furlough; absence (from work)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
search; lookup; hunt; (item of) research; exploration; investigation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as