indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
questionnaire; survey; poll
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
to cock one's head in puzzlement; to tilt one's head in contemplation; to wrack one's brain; to think hard
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
study; diligence; discount; reduction
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
to make trouble; to make waves; to cause discord
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
one thin flat object; one sheet
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
dining room; dining hall; cafeteria; restaurant; eatery; snack bar