indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
questionnaire; survey; poll
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
to cock one's head in puzzlement; to tilt one's head in contemplation; to wrack one's brain; to think hard
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
having done that; if that is done; if it is done in that way
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
to make trouble; to make waves; to cause discord
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
one (thin, flat object); one sheet
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
meal (e.g. lunch, dinner); diet
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
about; on; regarding; per; for every
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
dining room; dining hall; cafeteria; restaurant; eatery; snack bar