now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
homeroom; form room; form class
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in the same way as; just like
of course; certainly; naturally
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
topic; subject; much talked about; topical; in the news
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you