indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hunt (animals); to search (for a criminal); to go looking for (flowers, etc.); to gather (mushrooms)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; outset; first; onset
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
versatility; multiplicity of use
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to work too hard; to try too hard; to strain oneself; to overdo it; to go too far
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
general; popular; common; typical
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rising; ascending; climbing
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
to surpass the rest (e.g. of a large group); to stand out from the crowd; to be the best by far
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
to do together; to share; to participate in
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
difference; variation; difference
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to shorten; to narrow; to close; to shrink
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of