ghost that appears at sea during a shipwreck; something strange or suspicious; idiot; fool; noh mask for roles involving dead or ghost characters
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
every evening; night after night
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
as (e.g. "do as one is told", "as we age we gain wisdom"); wherever (e.g. "wherever my fancy took me")
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to swing; to wield (physically); to exercise (e.g. power, ability); to exhibit; to flourish; to prosper
reeking of blood; stinking of blood; bloody (battle, crime, etc.)
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
society; the world; the times
to become brilliant; to become cheerful
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to praise extravagantly; to lionize; to lionise; to make much of
fashion; trend; vogue; prevalence (of a disease); epidemic
cutting edge; leading edge; forefront; tip; end
government; administration
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Europeanization; Europeanisation; Westernization; Westernisation
political measures; policy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to take the name of; to call oneself; to pretend; to feign; to purport
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
manners; customs; sex service; sex industry; sex-oriented entertainment
to harvest; to reap; to take in; to gather in; to adopt (e.g. idea); to accept (e.g. advice)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
modernization; modernisation
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
peerage (in Japan; 1868-1946); nobility; aristocracy
peafowl (incl. the male peacock, female peahen, and young peachick)
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
luxurious and gorgeous; splendid; dazzling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes