indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to straddle; to sit astride; to mount; to extend over; to spread over; to span
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
to bend; to flutter; to wave; to yield to; to be swayed by; to bow to
while; during; while; although; all; both
elegant; graceful; refined; leisurely; comfortable; easy
aviation; flight; flying; to fly; to take a flight
right hand; right-hand side; right-hand direction; (on) the right
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
eruption; volcanic eruption
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
nest; rookery; den; haunt; (spider's) web
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
danger; peril; hazard; risk
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
gem; jewel; precious stone
present; gift; to give a present or gift
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...