engineer; technical expert; technician; craftsperson
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
transmission; propagation; spread; circulation; diffusion; dissemination
daily supplies; daily necessities; household items; housewares
diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
hidden village (esp. hidden retreat for nobles or refuge for soldiers of a defeated army); isolated village; legendary land (deep in mountains or underground); Shangri-La
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
... being the case; (precisely) because ...; as might be expected from ...
just a minute; small quantity
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
to go crazy (esp. of a situation or thing); to get out of hand; to end up in an extreme state
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
although I say; although one might say; although called
master; Your lordship; My lord; husband
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over (e.g. mountain); to go across; to get over (e.g. hardship); to pass time (e.g. a winter); to surpass; to be better than; to move house
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
store; reserve; stock; savings
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
or something; or something like that; or words to that effect; something or other
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then