indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grace; favor; favour; blessing; benefit
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
dominion; territory; possession
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
place that is cool in the summer; place one goes to escape the heat of summer; summer retreat
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
seafood; products of the sea; marine products; fruits of the sea
to be rich in; to abound in; to be abundant in; to be rich; to be wealthy
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
handing down (information); legend; tradition; folklore; transmission
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to unfold; to unroll; to open
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)