indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
grace; favor; favour; blessing; benefit
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
territory; domain; dominion; possession
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
place that is cool in the summer; place one goes to escape the heat of summer; summer retreat
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
lakeside; lakeshore; lakefront
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
seafood; products of the sea; marine products; fruits of the sea
to be rich (in); to abound (in); to be abundant (in); to be rich; to be wealthy
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
mining; digging; working (a mine)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to prosper; to flourish; to thrive
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
handing down (information); legend; tradition; folklore; transmission
ancient times; prehistoric times
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
to unfold; to unroll; to open
earth; ground; the solid earth; the (vast) land
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
celebration (of a joyous occasion); blessing; giving one's blessing; blessing (from God)