indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
conference room; council room
so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
directly opposite; right in front
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
such ... as; or some such
every person; each one; everybody
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
record of proceedings; minutes
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
series; chain; two reams (i.e. 1000 sheets of paper); verse; stanza
discovery; detection; finding
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
three generations; third generation immigrant; sansei; the third (e.g. Henry III)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
good humour (humor); good mood
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...
to do for (the sake of someone else)