indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
together; at the same time; same; identical
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
older sister; lass; young lady
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
father; dad; husband; you; he
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at that time; in those days
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to be needed; to be wanted
suffix for familiar person