lady attendant; lady's maid; waiting maid
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Rosa; Loeser; Roosa; Rosza
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put clothes on (someone); to dress; to cover; to coat; to pin (e.g. a crime on someone); to lay (blame)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
discomfort; inconvenience; poverty; want; inability; disability
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
imagination; supposition; guess
extent; scope; sphere; range; span
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ago; since; before; previous
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
first arrival; first in race; suit of clothes
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to sell off; to sell completely
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)