many; much; plenty; hardly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fire built in an iron basket (watch fire, fishing fire, etc.); bonfire; campfire; (arch.) brothel-keeper (Edo period)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
while; during; while; although; all; both
the more ... the more ...; as; (arch.) while; (arch.) during; (arch.) because; (arch.) since
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
elegant; graceful; refined; leisurely; comfortable; easy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
blind spot (e.g. of a driver); dead angle; dead ground; dead space
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
still; even now; to this day
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour