indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
leading; prominent; eminent; counting on one's fingers
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
vast; extensive; immense; huge; large; grand
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if it is the case that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
great difference; big difference; wide margin
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to accept; to receive; to agree
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be born; to come into this world
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
wise; sensible; well-advised; intelligent; sagacious; prudent
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on