indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
letter; missive; note; mail
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
while; even though; despite
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
one's confidant; trusted friend; trusted retainer