painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
to faint; to lose consciousness; to be in a daze; to feel overwhelmed; to feel exhausted
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; after great pains; at last; just barely
to take a breath; to take a short rest
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
is that so?; I see; right; oh
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
moment; instant; just then; right at that moment; for a moment; for an instant
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to grow weak; to become weak; to lose strength
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
to taste; to eat; to drink; to speak (of); to put into words; to refer (to)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
how much; how many; to what extent
inside one's heart; in one's mind
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to shout; to cry (out); to scream; to clamor (for or against); to advocate; to insist
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
confections; sweets; candy; cake
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many