painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
breath; breathing; tone; mood
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to faint; to lose consciousness; to feel overwhelmed; to be astounded
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; after great pains; at last; just barely
to take a breath; to take a short rest
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to grow weak; to become weak; to lose strength
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
father; dad; husband; you; he
to taste; to eat; to drink; to speak (of); to refer (to); to say
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
how long; how much; to what extent
inside one's heart; in one's mind
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to shout; to cry; to scream; to clamor (for or against); to clamour (for or against)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
confections; sweets; candy; cake
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many