indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
comparatively; relatively; fairly; rather; pretty; unexpectedly
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
of course; certainly; naturally
manners; etiquette; polite behaviour
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
lineage; pedigree; family line; birth
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
typical; representative; archetypal; quintessential; stereotypical; model
image; figure; figure; form; image
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to press against; to push against; to force against; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one's will)
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
... years old; age (of) ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in the same way; like; likewise; similarly
one's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner