art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cruel; merciless; atrocious; pitiful; tragic; horrible
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
dispersion; scattering; spreading out; diffusion
commodity; article of commerce; goods; stock; merchandise
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to step over or across; to overcome
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
double; twice (as much); times (as much); -fold; 1-nth; 1 to n
spectators; onlookers; members of the audience
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
blackened; black-painted; black-lacquered; blackened thing
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to surround; to crowd around
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to turn towards; to point
innumerable; countless; numberless
endurance; patience; perseverance; self-control; self-restraint
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
body; physical system; (the) person
to curl oneself up; to squeeze oneself in; to be huddled
invisibly; secretly; privately
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
while; during; while; although; all; both
lattice; latticework; window bars; grid; grating